Antipsychotics

Antipsychotics are essential therapeutic agents used to manage schizophrenia, bipolar disorder with psychotic features, schizoaffective disorder, and severe behavioral disturbances. They are broadly divided into typical (first-generation) and atypical (second-generation) agents, each with distinct receptor-binding profiles and side-effect spectra. Typical antipsychotics primarily block dopamine D2 receptors, reducing positive symptoms but often causing extrapyramidal side effects. Atypical antipsychotics, including risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and clozapine, modulate multiple neurotransmitter pathways-such as serotonin, dopamine, and adrenergic systems-providing broader efficacy with lower risk of motor symptoms. Mechanisms include dampening dopamine hyperactivity in mesolimbic circuits while preserving cognitive and motor functions. Antipsychotics also stabilize mood, reduce aggression, and lower relapse risk. However, metabolic disturbances, sedation, cardiovascular risks, and the need for long-term monitoring remain significant considerations. These drugs are indispensable in modern psychiatric care, enabling functional recovery and community integration for many patients.