Sedatives and Hypnotics
Sedatives and Hypnotics
Sedatives and hypnotics are therapeutic agents that depress central nervous system activity to induce relaxation, reduce anxiety, and facilitate the onset and maintenance of sleep. This drug class includes benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepine “Z-drugs,” barbiturates, antihistamines, and melatonin receptor agonists, each with distinct pharmacological profiles and safety considerations. Their mechanisms involve enhancing inhibitory GABAergic transmission, modulating sleep–wake-cycle receptors, or diminishing excitatory neuronal signaling. Sedatives and hypnotics are used for insomnia, preoperative sedation, acute anxiety, and certain seizure disorders. Although highly effective, prolonged or inappropriate use may lead to tolerance, dependence, cognitive impairment, and withdrawal phenomena. Modern clinical practice emphasizes individualized therapy, lowest effective dosing, and short-term use to balance efficacy with safety.
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