Other Vitamins

Other vitamins include a diverse group of essential micronutrients beyond the major vitamin families, each contributing unique biochemical functions to maintain human health. These vitamins participate in oxidative-reduction reactions, immune modulation, epithelial maintenance, neurological function, and cellular metabolism. They are used clinically to correct deficiencies caused by inadequate intake, malabsorption, chronic disease, or increased metabolic demand. Supplemental formulations may include vitamin K for coagulation support, vitamin E for antioxidant protection, biotin for metabolic regulation, and folate derivatives for nucleic acid synthesis. Although required in small quantities, imbalances can lead to significant physiological consequences such as bleeding disorders, neuropathies, dermatitis, or impaired growth. Other vitamins remain indispensable components of nutritional therapy, preventive medicine, and metabolic support.